Alek

 After nearly doubling its size Ottoman Empire was hungry for more land. Their next step would be pushing forwards to central Europe, thus, it was inevitable they had to face with the Habsburg dynasty of Austria. Any further expansion into Europe wouldn't be possible without defeating the Hungarian king Louis II. Sultan Suleiman I achieved it in the battle of Mohacs in 1526,where the Hungarian king was killed. The Ottomans anexed half of Hungarian territory. After that Hungarian nobility elected two different kings : John Zapolya, who was from Hungary and the Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I. Ferdinand swiftly started to gain control over the western part of Hungary, thus, starting to share borders with the Ottomans. Ferdinand attacked John Zapolya, who was defeated and ran to Poland. Suleiman I couldn't tolerate that. He mastered a giant army and marched towards the Habsburg territory. The sultan regained Hungarian territory and gave it back to John Zapolya. Then he marched to...

To be able to talk about further Ottoman invasion in Europe, it is inevitable to know about a war which made them so powerful and influential over the whole Medditeranean. After finally gaining control over whole Anatolia, the Ottomans started to border with the Mamluk Sultanate, another muslim powerful country willing to gain power. Although they were natural for long time, this changed when there wasn't any obstacle e.g. another country, between them.  Although Ottoman were concerned with conqeuring lands in Europe in first 2 centuries, now there was an opportunity for them to gain some in Syria and Egypt. Fortunately for the Ottomans they were at peace with all states in Europe, so they could gather all possible soldiers to stand against the Mamluks. Both sultans, ottoman - Selim and mamluk- Al-Ghawri assembled their armies and marched to face each other. Both armies were about 40 thousand strong.  Each side had its advantages.Mamluks had their famous Mamluk heavy cavalry w...

As all of us know, Ottomans had various traditions and ways to rule their state .One of the most tragic is sultans killing their brothers after gaining power. Most would probably say that this was a violent way leading to conflicts and the nation spliting into several pieces, but, history proved they are wrong. Ottomans had very few civil wars, which fortunately didn't cause serious damage, which was obviously caused by sultans killing their brotheirs. After sultan's death his children didn't always let their oldest brother rule. They often wanted the power for themselves and that's why Ottoman sultans killed their brothers after gaining power. What may frighten some people is that fracticiding sultans younger brothers was legalized by Mehmed II. In my opinion this was necessary for the nation to be a dominant force in the Medditerranean sea for couple centuries and not to get divided into small provinces ruled by some ruler scions like it happened  for example in Polan...

The fall of Constantinople(1453) marked the end of the medieval era as it ended, so it's obvious that it should be mentioned. Constaninople wasn't a city easy to conquer. The Ottomans tried to get past its giant walls half dozen times before they succeded. But, in the middle of the 15th century they finally got to a internal stability period.  The current byzantine emperor, Constantine XI wasn't paying his tribute to the sultan with pleasure, sohe decided to end it. The sultan Mehmed II took that as a violation of Ottoman-byzantine treaty, which most importantly guaranteed peace between this both states. In fact, he wanted to finally conquer the city. He declared war to the byzantines. Unfortunately for the byzantines, no one was eager to help them, like it happened in previous sieges.   Difference between the opponents forces was stunning, the Ottomans had around 100 thousand professional soldiers, while byzantines had around 8 thousand soldiers and 30 thousand locals gi...

 For the Ottoman Empire to be so effective, it had to be managed really well. The state was divided into provinces called Eyalets and those were divided into smaller, called Sanjaks. Every Eyalet was managed by a governor called Beylerbey who was accountable directly to the sultan. The Ottoman succes in almost every war they fought wasn't caused by luck. Their army was organised and well managed. As the Ottoman territory was growing and they had many nations under their rule, they used them to fight for their cause. Their forces included knights from Ottoman lands in Europe, mainly from Serbia.The Ottomans kept permanent mercenaries, e.g. Tatar light cavalry or some chrisian knights. Ottoman army also consisted Turkmen cavalry forces named akincis which didnt even get paid, which was really profitable for the sultan. In late 14th century Bayezid I formed the Janissary corps, which was full-time professional part of the army.  The fact that the Ottoman army was well balansed an...

My sources :  https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire                           http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat65/sub424/entry-5259.html  There are many factors which led to the raise of Ottomans. Their country was ruled firmly and had straight political goal - to get more powerful. Ottomans had a uniform law system and welcomed different types of art, literature and most importantly, religion.  Some may say that as they were muslim, they didn't accept any types of culture and religion different than theirs, but it's not true. They used a millet system, which gave non-muslim inhabitants a limited amount of power in their minority groups, but still under the Ottoman rule. There are many examples of Ottoman wealth and power gained by conquering so many lands in Europe, but in my opinion the best and the most magificent is the Topkapi palace which was the dwelling place for Otto...

Sources:  https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/tamerlane-the-mongolian-emperor.html                https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Osman-and-Orhan                https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc4MCFrPiUg&list=PLaBYW76inbX5BKGRPzlqdztQySZmJLjJt&index=3 Following the defeat of crusader forces at Nicopolis in 1396 it seemed that no one was going to stop Ottoman invasion on Europe. Fortunately for christian kingdoms, Ottoman Sultan (still Bayezid I) had a threat coming from Asia towards his domain. It was the Timurid Empire ruled by Emir Timur. Both the Ottomans and Timurids were recently built empires and were hungry for land to conquer. It was inevitable for them to clash. Timur started the war in 1401 by crossing Ottoman border with his large army. After many manouvers, Bayezid I met him at Ankara, in 1402, July 28th.  The Ottoman army was a mix of Tatar mercenaries, Ea...

Sources i used for this video:  https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/Osman-and-Orhan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_0-Vc7uA4g&list=PLaBYW76inbX5BKGRPzlqdztQySZmJLjJt&index=2  Following the Ottoman invasion on Europe the next step in their conquest will be the beginning of the war against Hungary and Wallachia. As the war with Serbia was won, the sultan (Bayezid I) had a new vassal which was ready to support Ottomans in their wars. After seing the Serbian defeat, balkan leaders decided to attack at a city named Nicopolis by the banks of the Danube river. These lands didn't belong for a long time to the christians as the sultan reacted swiftly. The Ottomans regained their lands and even started organizing raids into Wallachia.  As Hungarian king (Sigismund) was sure that they needed help with the Ottomans, he called for a crusade. This call was met with a great support as knights Hospitaller, from France, England, Poland, Venice answered. The Ottoman f...

My source :   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txyqS5yuw30&list=PLaBYW76inbX5BKGRPzlqdz - tQySZmJLjJt&index=1 So, to be even able to start to talk about Ottoman invasion on Europe we have to go back to its arrival at the Asia Minor. Muslims took that peninsula from the Byzantine Empire. The first Ottoman leader used the dissolution of the Anatolia-ruling Sultanate of Rum in 1308 to gain independence for his empire. His son - Orhan started to take territory from the Byzantines and as he did it efficiently, he gained the first city in Europe in 1354 (Gallipoli). In the next decade Ottomans managed to conquer many lands on Balkans and defeat the Byzantine Empire. As they hade pursued an agressive policy, christian leaders started to gather to attack the Muslim threat.  The Ottomans have easily defeated a big army leaded by a serbian king named Vukasin and have pushed towards the centre of the serbian empire. As they were going forward many feudal lords started to gather ag...

In my opinion advertisements aren't really essential in our lives and there are plenty of arguments to prove it.. If we want to know more about a product we can easily go to a shop and read its characteristics. Advertisements often make people buy staff they don't really need. Nowadays ads are more than often just lies told in a very clever way, which leads to manipulating consumers. Advertisements that are shown in television not only take viewers' time, but also make people greedy when they hear about more and more new products. Summarizing, ads aren't very important in our lives, because they are often lies, make us buy useless staff and just waste our time.

.I think I really wouldn't want to live 250 and there are plenty of arguments to support it. One of them is  that I wouldn't be capable of watching everyone that I know now die. This fact would overwhelm me so much that I wouldn't probably be able to move on, make new friends, even finding another love. What's more my extended life would have influence on my mentality. It would be hard to communicate with people at, for example, age of forty, when I would be hundred and eighty. My point of view of the world would probably be so different that theirs that they sometimes may not understand me at all. Overall, I wouldn't want to live 250 mostly because I wouldn't be able to find myself in completely different communities, which would make me feel I don't need to live.

People are often scared of the future because of various reasons. One of them is the fact that we always see the past as better because of our childhood and times when we had less responsibilities and were able to meet friends more often. Other is that people are scared of what is unknown, and, the future is always unknown. We can't predict what is going to happen even in an hour. What's more, we think the past is better that the present is that we remember only the things we want to remember, which means we mostly remember the good things instead of those which are bad. In a sum, we think the past was better than the present or the future because we think about our childhood, the good things from the past and we are afraid of the future.

I think, that the most important change in the world in the next decade will be that most or even all cars on the Earth will be electronic.The electronic cars ale already introduced by numerous companies like Tesla. It's hard to believe , but the very most of carbon dioxide, causing the global warming comes from transportation. Because the global warming is really progressing , I think that people will see what's coming and start to counteract and one of the things they're going to do is make cars do not emit carbon dioxide. In a sum , the most important change in the upcoming decade will be the introduction of electronic cars to a massive use.

In these days many people often write fake stories according to their needs , which are different for each person . One of the advantages you get after you write a fake news is getting fame,even for a short time. People are capable of making up incredible stories just to gain audience , which often comes with making some money. Another reason why people create fake news is discrediting a public figure or a person they don't like, which is sometimes used in election campaigns. In sum , people write fake news because they want to be famous , earn some money or make somebody look worse than they really are.

In my opinion studying abroad is a very good idea, especially , if you like learning different languages. The best way to practice your language skills is to practice it with some native speakers , who really care about accent and spelling. By talking with people that don't have the same accent as yours you earn experience in talking with foreigners. What's more studying abroad creates you an opportunity to meet new people , which sometimes leads to a very long friendship.Studying in other country also allows to see new places and learn something about another cultures . In summary, if you want to study abroad, you need to know that it has many advantages, such as gaining experience in speaking a specific language, making new friends and meeting new places.

I find this social distancing sad and overwhelming .Staying indoors and relaxing is not exactly what I prefer .I really like going out , walking Vistula boulevards or the center of Warsaw . Of course i like playing video games , but after some longer period of time it gets boring. What's more , the days we stay at home are starting to get similar , monotonic. But the most I  miss is going out with friends . Of course someone could say , you can chat on various social network apps , but it's not even half you can get by standing next to your friend and talking to him ! I find social distancing that we all have to practice not very easy and I look forward to meet my friends .

Capacity - Maximal amount that something can contain                 for example maximum amount of beds in hospitals Capacity of hospitals would diminish withit few days because of the virus. Over-reacting - too exaggerated reaction to , for example : information about a disease Many people are over-reacting because of the Covid-19 To overwhelm - to get beneath a huge mass of something or have a strong emotional effect on I was overwhelmed by grief after i lost my brother.

In my opinion the response of Polish government has been very appropriate. After discovering the very first confirmed examples of infected people they decided to cancel all bigger meetings. Not long time after that Polish government decided to close all schools in the country, which helped a lot in not spreading the virus. Also they started to put people who have had contact with infected people into quaratines . What's more the all flights had to be cancelled , which is maybe the reason why Poland has still a small number of infected people in comparison with other countries in Europe . At the other hand , the response of the society in Poland is variable . In where I live ( which is not in Warsaw) u can see lesser number of people walking on the pavement and cars driving on the road . What's interesting there are many people walking in woods . What's good , they're trying to hold the distance to each other in case of being infected . Unfortunately , in the city things...

Is lying morally wrong? - In my opinion defitnitely is. Some could say that one little lie will not change your life and you can lie if it would help you. I totally disagree with this point of view . Each lie leads to the next , which in most cases is the reason for the loss of control over what we are saying . Sometimes, when you lie about yourself you feel better , but after some time you realize that you did the wrong thing. Many friendships end because of a small lie , which , you think, won't change your life. Every time you lie , you fool not only the person you're speaking to , but also yourself. It's good to remember that even the worst truth is better than the best lie .

There are many reasons why I liked Darwin the most. One of them is the fact that he is a very pleasant , friendly, nice person. He always greets guests with open hands, no matter how they look or react to him. He is also modest, which is often useful in his profession. Another reason I liked Darwin is that he used to play sports in the past. He was a professional athlete, he took part in the Olympic Games in high jump. Unfortunately, his further career was stopped by an injury. It could be really hard for him and I admire the fact , that he collected himself and found a job as a doorman in a hotel. His attitude is admirable and worth following.